The Egyptian Cinderella by Shirley Climo, illustrated by Ruth Heller, 1989.
Rhodopis is a slave girl in Egypt. When she was young, she was abducted from her home in Greece by pirates, who sold her into slavery. Her blonde hair and green eyes make her look very different from the Egyptian servants, and none of them like her.
Most of Rhodopis’s friends are animals, and in the little free time she has, she likes to dance. The elderly man who owns her sees her dancing and has a special pair of rose-red gold shoes made for her so she can wear them while she dances. However, the Egyptian servants are all jealous of her for getting this special gift.
One day, the servants all leave her behind when they go to a special court held by the Pharaoh. While they are gone, a falcon snatches one of Rhodopis’s slippers and flies away. The falcon flies to the court and drops the slipper in the Pharaoh’s lap. The Pharaoh takes this as a sign from Horus that the girl who owns that shoe is destined to be his wife and immediately begins searching for her.
When he finds Rhodopis, the servant girls protest that she is not Egyptian and is only a slave, but the Pharaoh compares her green eyes to the color of the Nile, her light hair to papyrus, and her pink skin to a lotus flower. In his eyes, there could not be any other girl who could represent Egypt, and her slave status doesn’t matter.
The book is available to borrow and read for free online through Internet Archive (multiple copies).
My Reaction
I remember loving this book when I was a kid! I always liked fairy tales and folktales, and I think this was one that was introduced to me by our school librarian, probably around the time it first came out in 1989. For a long time, I was unaware that the same author also wrote other books based on variations of the Cinderella story: The Korean Cinderella, The Persian Cinderella, and The Irish Cinderlad. One of the fascinating things about the story of Cinderella is that variations of the story about a girl (usually, it’s a girl, although there are some variations with a boy) who is abused by her stepmother and stepsisters but who triumphs in the end when she marries a king or a prince, who identifies her as the girl he loves by a lost shoe, have appeared in cultures around the world. The classic one that most of us know is the French version by Perrault, but there are other versions of the story that are older.
There is an author’s note in the back of the book that explains that this Egyptian version of the Cinderella story is one of the oldest known Cinderella stories. The Roman historian Strabo recorded the story in the first century BC. The story is legend, but according to the author, Rhodopis was a real slave girl who married the Pharaoh Amasis in the sixth century BC (although accounts of her vary, and it can be difficult to separate history from legend).
The Prince Who Knew His Fate by Lise Manniche, 1981.
This picture book is a retelling of an Ancient Egyptian story (sometimes called The Tale of the Doomed Prince) about a prince and a prediction regarding his death with an unknown ending. The only known original version of the story is incomplete. For this book, the author has given the story an ending.
An Egyptian king wishes for a child, but when his son is born, the seven Hathor goddesses offer a prophecy for the prince’s fate. They say that, “He is destined to be killed by a crocodile or a snake or a dog.”
The king is distressed by this prediction for his son’s fate, and he decides to protect him from it as best he can. He has a special house built for the prince, where he grows up, attended by servants and given all sorts of good things to keep him happy. The king wants his son to stay in this house, where he will be safe.
However, as the prince gets older, he becomes more interested in the outside world. One day, he sees a man passing the house with a dog, and the prince wants a dog of his own. The king relents and allows his son to have a dog, in spite of the prophecy.
The prince further demands that his father allow him to leave the house and travel. After all, he says, if his fate is already determined, it won’t matter if his father tries to protect him from it. He says that, if he must die eventually, he might as well live his life to the fullest while he can. The king allows his son to have a chariot and to hunt and travel the Nile. Everywhere the prince goes, he brings his dog with him.
Eventually, he comes to the country of the Chief of Naharin, who only has one daughter. The chief keeps his daughter in a special house with a single window, high off the ground. He says that he will allow his daughter to marry the man who can jump up to that window. The prince manages to make the jump, and he marries the chief’s daughter.
After they are married, the prince explains to his wife the prophecy about his fate. His wife wants to kill the prince’s dog, but he refuses to allow it because he’s had the dog since it was a puppy. His wife begins to watch over him, to try to prevent him from being killed. She manages to kill the snake that comes for the prince, and the prince manages to make a deal with the crocodile, but can he truly escape his fate?
There is a section at the back of the book that explains more about the original story, which was written over 3000 years ago and is “one of the oldest fairy tales known today.” There is also some information about Ancient Egypt and the carvings that were the inspiration for the illustrations in the story.
My Reaction
I always enjoy folklore, and this story is fascinating because the original ending is unknown. The author of this book, Dr. Lise Manniche, who was a Danish Egyptologist, translated the story from the original hieroglyphics and added an ending to the story. I thought that the ending fit well enough, and I was pleased that it was a happy ending, even though it holds to the idea that the fate must be fulfilled. I also enjoyed the illustrations, based on Ancient Egyptian carvings from around the time that the story was created, and the addition of the hieroglyphs of the original story along the bottom of the pages.
I first heard about the folktale in this book in a mystery book for adults called The Snake, the Crocodile, and the Dog by Elizabeth Peters. It is part of the Amelia Peabody mystery series, about a Victorian era woman who is married to an archaeologist. Elizabeth Peters is a pen name for Barbara Mertz, who was an Egyptologist herself. Because this folktale featured prominently in that mystery novel, I was thrilled to find this version of it!
Mummies in the Morning by Mary Pope Osborne, 1993, 2014.
This time, Jack and Annie use a book in the magic tree house to travel back in time to Ancient Egypt. Jack has a fascination for mummies and pyramids, and Annie can’t wait to see them up close. When the children arrive, they witness what appears to be a royal funeral procession, but the people seem to vanish awfully quickly. Annie wonders if they could have been ghosts, although Jack thinks that’s nonsense. He thinks it was probably just a mirage, although he has reason to rethink that later.
The children follow a mysterious black cat into a pyramid. Annie is eager to see a mummy, but the children are startled when they see what appears to be a walking mummy that drops a scepter. Jack realizes that what they saw wasn’t a real mummy but probably a tomb robber in disguise. He reads in their book about Ancient Egypt about the problem of tomb robbers.
Then, the children encounter a real ghost! She is see-through, and objects pass through her. Fortunately, the ghost is nice instead of scary, and she explains to the children that she needs their help. She is the ghost of an Ancient Egyptian queen, and she has been unable to progress to the afterlife because she cannot find her copy of the Book of the Dead, which is supposed to guide her through the obstacles on the way to the afterlife. She knows that her brother, who designed her tomb, hid the book to protect it from tomb robbers and left clues for her in the symbols carved on the walls of her tomb. However, her brother apparently forgot that her vision was always bad, and she can’t read the symbols. (Apparently, poor vision doesn’t improve after death.) Jack would be willing to loan her his glasses, but since she’s incorporeal (not a word used in the book, but basically, she no longer has a physical presence and can’t use physical objects), the glasses wouldn’t stay on her face.
Instead, she asks the children to describe the symbols on the wall to her so she can interpret them. Together, the children and the ghost use the clues to find the scroll containing the Book of the Dead. After that, Jack and Annie have one more task: escaping the maze-like tomb!
My Reaction
The ghost in the story is a non-scary ghost, but there’s enough mild creepiness and mystery to satisfy kids who enjoy a little creepiness in their stories. Toward the end, they have to put the scroll in the sarcophagus with the queen’s mummy, which both grosses out and fascinates the children.
The historical information was good, although translating Egyptian hieroglyphics is much more complicated than the book indicates. In the book, the symbols are meant to literally depict specific objects, which some hieroglyphics can, but others are used to represent sounds to spell out words or names. I think the story just kept things simple for kids.
I liked the part where the kids get lost in the pyramid because pyramids were build with false hallways and dead ends to confuse tomb robbers. Everything work out fine in the end!
Great Ancient Egypt Projects You Can Build Yourself by Carmella Van Vleet, 2006.
I love this book because it combines lessons about history with hands-on projects and craft activities!
The book starts with a general timeline of Egyptian history, a brief introduction, and then a chapter about The Foundations of Ancient Egypt, which explains about the climate of Egypt, the role of the Nile in Egyptian civilization and farming, jewelry and other products produced by Egyptian artisans, pyramids and mummies, and forms of entertainment that the Ancient Egyptians enjoyed, like games and music. After this first chapter provides a general overview of Egyptian civilization, the other chapters go into more detail on different subjects related to Egyptian civilization with accompanying activities and projects. Each of the activities or projects comes with a list of materials needed and an estimate of the amount of time needed to finish.
Below is a list of the chapters in this book and descriptions of the types of projects that you will find in each section:
Boats
Boats were an important form of transportation of people and goods up and down the Nile. This chapter explains how the Ancient Egyptians made boats and has instructions for making your own miniature boat out of drinking straws in a similar manner as the Egyptians made papyrus boats.
Farming
This chapter describes the Egyptian flooding, growing, and harvesting seasons and the types of crops the Ancient Egyptians planted. The project for this chapter is how to build a shaduf, which is a device the Ancient Egyptians used for irrigating their crops.
Papyrus
The Ancient Egyptians found many different uses for papyrus plants, including boats, baskets, mats, ropes, sandals, food, medicine, perfume, and paper. This chapter discusses how the Ancient Egyptians made papyrus paper and formed it into scrolls. The activity is to make your own papyrus-style paper using strips of regular paper instead of papyrus. It also has a recipe for a berry-based ink. It mentions that the Egyptians would have used different colored minerals, but the berry ink is easy for a beginner.
Homes
I always like books that discuss the lives of ordinary people and their homes. This chapter explains how Ancient Egyptian homes were made, how the homes of common people and wealthy people differed from each other, how homes were decorated, and the arrangement of rooms for sleeping, storing goods, and cooking. There are three activities for this chapter: making your own mud bricks, making a cat statue, and making a “soul house” – a miniature house or layout of rooms out of plaster of Paris.
Bread
This chapter is about what people ate in Ancient Egypt, and it particularly describes how the Ancient Egyptians made bread. An interesting fact in this chapter is that people in Ancient Egypt typically bartered for food instead of using money. This chapter includes two recipes, one for bread and one for date (fruit) candy.
Games
This is one of my favorite chapters! It’s about toys and games played by children in Ancient Egypt. It also describes board games that could be played by people of all ages, like Mancala, Hounds and Jackals, and Senet. The book provides instructions for making your own Senet board game and rules for playing.
Tunics and Fashion
This chapter is about what people wore in Ancient Egypt. Clothes at the time weren’t as much about modesty as in modern society. Clothing in Ancient Egypt could be pretty minimal, and it was common for Egyptian children to simply go naked. This chapter also discusses clothing accessories and wigs. The activities for this chapter are to make your own simple tunic, sandals (basically decorating a pair of flip-flops), and nemes (head covering).
Jewelry
This chapter explains the decorative and religious aspects of jewelry and the types of gems and minerals included in Egyptian jewelry. The projects are making paper beads and a wesekh collar (type of necklace).
Amulets
This chapter is about how Ancient Egyptians used amulets that they believed had the power to protect them from illness and other dangers. It describes different types of amulets and what they were supposed to do for people who had them. Part of this chapter covers The Book of the Dead, which was a collection of texts that provided a guide to funeral rituals and the afterlife. (You can actually get copies of this book today, translated into English.) The activity for the chapter is to make your own amulet out of a dough made from water, flour, and sawdust.
Kohl and Perfume
This chapter is about the makeup that people used in Ancient Egypt. Kohl is the substance that Egyptians used around their eyes. It was made from the mineral galena, and it may have helped the Ancient Egyptians protect their eyes from eye infections or provided some shielding from the sun’s glare. This chapter includes instructions for making a simplified version of kohl using black crepe paper, water, and flour and for making perfume out of beeswax, almond oil, and different essential oils. (The perfume activity looks the best of the two. Health food stores that also carry cosmetics, like Sprouts, probably have all or most of the ingredients, and if they don’t, you could probably get whatever’s missing from Amazon.)
Royal Crook and Flail
Pharaohs are often depicted holding a symbolic crook and flail. This chapter explains the meaning behind these symbols (the crook resembles a shepherd’s staff and was meant to represent the ruler of the king because he was supposed to look after his people like a shepherd looks after his sheep, and the flail is the same design as one that was used in harvesting and may have represented the pharaoh overseeing the fertility and prosperity of the land) and also discusses the duties of an Egyptian king or queen and what their subjects expected of them. The chapter also gives information about famous kings and queens and the crowns they wore. The activities for the chapter are making your own crook and flail and your own throne (by decorating an old chair, like one you might find at a garage sale).
Pyramids
This chapter covers Ancient Egyptian tombs and pyramids, how they were built, and how they were decorated. The activities for the chapter are building your own pyramid out of poster board and building a sledge of the type that the Ancient Egyptians used to transport stone blocks.
Temples
This chapter discusses Ancient Egyptian gods and their temples. It explains how the Ancient Egyptians would worship their gods. The activities are making your own foam obelisk and a miniature temple sanctuary scene in a box.
Mummies
This chapter explains how Ancient Egyptians made mummies and what they believed about the afterlife. The activities are making your own shabti (little figurines that were supposed to perform tasks on behalf of the deceased) out of a bar of soap and making your own funeral mask (like Tutankhamen’s famous mask).
Hieroglyphs
This chapter explains how the Ancient Egyptian systems of writing worked and how modern people learned to read hieroglyphs by studying the Rosetta Stone. Th activities are making your own ostraca (piece of pottery used as a writing surface), mural, and cartouche.
I haven’t seen this particular book available to read online, but there’s a very similar by the same author on Internet Archive.
The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt by Elizabeth Payne, 1964, 1992.
This is a book for kids about the lives of Egyptian pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Akhnaton, and Rameses the Second. It also includes details of Ancient Egyptian history, daily life, and religion. I would put the difficulty level of the book around the middle school level. It’s a chapter book with very few pictures and more dense writing than others I’ve read in the same series. It’s one of the Landmark Books (called Step Up Biographies in earlier printings).
Egypt is among the world’s oldest civilizations, having a long history, extending over thousands of years. The Ancient Egyptians created a powerful legacy that has influenced other civilizations for millennia.
In the early days of Egyptian civilization, groups of small villages that early settlers had established along the Nile joined together to form kingdoms. At first, there were three of them:
The Bee Kingdom in Lower Egypt — at the Nile delta, on the Mediterranean
The Reed Kingdom in Middle Egypt — near the site of modern Cairo
The Hawk Kingdom in Upper Egypt — near the rapids that lay between Egypt and the Nubians to the South
If you’re wondering why “Lower Egypt” was in the northern part of Egypt and “Upper Egypt” was in the south, it’s because the Ancient Egyptians weren’t concerned about north and south with regard to their kingdoms. They lived along the Nile, their major source of water and transportation, and when they thought about the relations between cities and kingdoms, they were most concerned about whether they were upriver or downriver. So, “Upper Egypt” was the kingdom farthest upriver, and “Lower Egypt” was the one that was farthest downriver. The Nile just happens to flow from south to north.
Then, around 3200 B.C., the Hawk King known as the Scorpion conquered the kingdom in Middle Egypt. His successor Menes (also called Narmer), who ruled both Middle and Upper Egypt, conquered Lower Egypt as well, turning Egypt into a single nation with a single king. However, there were still rivalries between Upper and Lower Egypt, and the people in different regions spoke different dialects.
The Ancient Egyptians believed that their kings, called Pharaohs, were half-human and half-god. Part of the reason for this belief may have been because the Egyptians believed that a partially-divine ruler could help ensure that life in the Nile Valley could continue smoothly by appealing to his godly relations and partly because, if the king wasn’t completely human, he could be considered above the rivalries between the different regions and remain a unifying figure for the Egyptian people, no matter which region he had come from originally.
Although most Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic, like other ancient civilizations, there was one pharaoh who believed in only a single, all-powerful god. This pharaoh was Akhnaton, the father of Tutankhamen. (The book refers to Tutankhamen as a younger half brother of Akhnaton, but later sources say that he was Akhnaton’s son, although there is still some dispute about that. Either way, the two were related, and Tutankhamen was Akhnaton’s successor.) Akhnaton worshipped the sun, calling the sun god Aton. Part of the reason for this conversion to the worship of a single sun god instead of the many gods of the Ancient Egyptian pantheon may have been due to a power struggle between the pharaoh and the High Priest of Amon. However, Akhnaton seemed to genuinely believe in the Aton and was devoted to it, establishing a new capital city and outlawing worship of other gods. Unfortunately, his health was frail, and worship of the Aton didn’t extend beyond his death around the age of 42, with Egyptians returning to worship their old gods. Tutankhamen, who had been born Tutankhaton, changed his name and moved the capital away from Akhnaton’s city. Tutankhamen’s reign was short. He died in his late teens. (The cause of his death has never been precisely determined, although it seems likely that it was a combination of ill health, possibly a congenital condition due to inbreeding in the royal family, malaria, and a physical injury.) Tutankhamen’s main source of fame is his tomb, found largely intact in November, 1922.
Dynasties of Egyptian Pharaohs ruled Egypt for thousands of years, although in the later centuries of Ancient Egypt, foreign rulers moved in and took control for long periods. Then, in 332 B.C., Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, bringing it under Greek and Macedonian control and ending the reign of Egyptian Pharoahs forever.
I love the way this book, like others in the Eyewitness series, shows photographs of artifacts so readers can not only read about how people lived but see the objects that they used. Each photograph in the book has a caption to explain what it is.
The book begins with an explanation about the origins of Ancient Egyptian civilization thousands of years ago, before there were pharaohs. Then, it explains about the geography of Egypt and the Nile and how the Nile floods and fertile lands along the river made Egyptian civilization possible.
The book then explains the concept of the Egyptian king as a “pharaoh.” The title of “pharaoh” comes from an Ancient Egyptian word meaning “great house”, referring to the palace where the king lived, so the king was the one who lived in the “great house.” However, the pharaoh was more than just the an important man living in a palace; he was also regarded as being a god. Most Egyptian rulers were male, although queens also sometimes ruled and were also regarded as divine. The book shows pictures of statues depicting pharaohs and explains a little more about some of the most famous pharaohs and queens. Then, it goes on to discuss life in the royal court.
Of course, no book about Ancient Egypt is complete without a discussion of mummies and tombs. Much of what we know about Ancient Egypt comes from what the Ancient Egyptians left in their tombs because Ancient Egyptians believed in life after death. They developed methods of preserving their bodies after death, and they stocked their tombs with things that they wanted to have with them in the next life. The book explains the embalming process, what pyramids and royal tombs were like, who the Egyptian gods and goddesses were, and what Egyptians believed about the journey to the afterlife.
I liked how the book not only explains different types of gods and goddesses in Ancient Egypt but also the roles of priests and temples in Egyptian society, types of religious rituals, and the role of religion and magical rituals in Ancient Egyptian medicine.
As the book covers a wide variety of different topics in Egyptian society, including scribes and writing, weaponry, and trading. I particularly like the parts focusing on daily life, like what Egyptian homes were like and some of the tools and details of different trades, like carpentry. The book has details about foods Ancient Egyptians ate, what music and dancing were like, and types of clothing and jewelry they had.
One of my favorite sections in the book is about toys and games in Ancient Egypt. We don’t know all of the details of games that were played in Ancient Egypt, but we do know that they had board games because they were found in tombs. Children’s toys were whimsical and included moving parts. Some of the games children played are similar to ones that children play today, like versions of leapfrog and tug-of-war and spinning tops.
The book is available to borrow and read for free online through Internet Archive (multiple copies, including some in different languages)
Cleopatra: Queen of the Kings by Fiona MacDonald, illustrated by Chris Molan, 1998, 2003.
I always like books from DK Publishing because they have great illustrations, and they do a good job of helping to explain nonfiction topics, including different periods of history. However, one thing that’s important to realize is that you really have to read all of the small text that accompanies even the small pictures in order to get the full story. If you don’t, you may miss important details. Although this is a picture book, the detailed nature of the information and some of the dark subject matter make it inappropriate for young children.
This particular book is about the life of Cleopatra, the famous Egyptian queen. The queen we know as simply Cleopatra was actually Cleopatra VII. She was part of a dynasty of Egyptian rulers who were originally from Macedonia, a region of Greece. This dynasty was known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty because all of the kings in the dynasty were named Ptolemy, including Cleopatra’s father, Ptolemy XII. There were certain names that were repeated in every generation of the family and even within generations, like Ptolemy (Cleopatra’s two brothers both had this name), Cleopatra (Cleopatra also had a sister who was also named Cleopatra), and Arsinoe (Cleopatra’s younger sister). The book doesn’t fully explain why they came from Macedonia, but one of Cleopatra’s ancestors, Ptolemy I, was a Macedonian nobleman and a friend of Alexander the Great. Ptolemy I went with Alexander the Great on his military campaigns. Through his service to Alexander the Great, Ptolemy I was made the Greek governor of Egypt, ruling from the city Alexandria, which had been established by Alexander the Great. Alexandria was an important port city as well as the seat of the royal family. It was a gathering place of traders, scholars, and people from different cultures in Egypt, although average Egyptian citizens viewed it more as city of foreigners, just as the royal family itself was also foreign. That’s an abbreviated explanation of the family’s history, but it helps to understand that, while the family ruled Egypt for generations, they remained culturally Greek. The book mentions that most of the members of Cleopatra’s family only spoke Greek and that Cleopatra departed from the norm by learning to speak Egyptian.
Cleopatra was born into tumultuous times in the history of Egypt and her family. Her father was known as a cruel ruler who taxes his people heavily and sent large amounts of money to Rome, attempting to befriend Roman leaders and bribe them not to invade Egypt. In 58 BC, Alexandrian citizens had enough of Ptolemy XII and the way he catered to Rome, and they revolted, forcing Ptolemy XII to flee the city for Rome. Cleopatra was only fourteen years old at the time. Members of the family were left behind in Alexandria when Ptolemy XII fled, and Cleopatra’s oldest sister, Berenice claimed the throne in her father’s absence. The Ptolemies were always focused on maintaining their power, even in the face of competition or opposition from family members, and they were not afraid to fight or even kill each other to maintain control. Berenice may have murdered another of her sisters during her time as queen because she died under mysterious circumstances. However, when Ptolemy XII returned to Egypt a few years later, he had Berenice executed as a rival for the throne. By then, Cleopatra was the oldest surviving child of the family, with only her youngest sister and her brothers still alive.
A few years later, Ptolemy XII died, and Cleopatra acted quickly and prudently to secure both her life and her power. Her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII, had a claim to the throne, but he was still only twelve years old, and Cleopatra was eighteen. Asserting her authority over her child brother, Cleopatra took the throne as the oldest remaining offspring of Ptolemy XII and married her brother in order to turn her brother from a rival for power into a further source of her own authority. She could then rule on her brother’s behalf as his wife as well as his older sister. (Other Egyptian rulers had married close relatives for reasons like that. Tutankhamen was similarly the result of an incestuous royal relationship.) As queen, Cleopatra called herself the Sun God’s Daughter, an old royal title that tied her image to rulers of the past and the gods of Ancient Egypt.
From the beginning, being queen was a difficult task for Cleopatra. There were famines in Egypt during the beginning of her reign, and Cleopatra had to manage a response that would satisfy the citizens that she was doing her job as ruler. Family rivalries were also an ever-present danger. Cleopatra knew that she had enemies in her court, including people who favored her brother over her. As her brother got older, he became dissatisfied with the way his sister was ruling without sharing power and authority with him. For a time, Ptolemy XIII forced Cleopatra to flee Egypt and go to Syria. Cleopatra took her sister Arsinoe with her, both to protect her from their brother and to prevent her from trying to seize power herself. (In the Ptolemy dynasty, either could be a possibility. When family members weren’t in danger from each other, they could be a danger to each other.)
In the meantime, Julius Caesar came to Egypt to collect a debt that he claimed that Cleopatra’s father had owed him. He arrived during the power struggle between Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII, and he decided that it would be for the best to try to mediate peace treaty with the two of them. He wanted to meet with both Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII together, but Cleopatra knew that there was a risk that she might be killed if she showed up for a meeting. Yet, she did want to meet with Caesar because she recognized that he could be an important friend and source of protection for her. She ended up visiting Caesar in secret. According to legend, she had herself delivered to Caesar’s room in a rolled-up carpet. Caesar was charmed by Cleopatra and became her ally. When the news of their alliance spread, it tipped the balance of power in the royal family. Caesar learned that Ptolemy XIII’s adviser was plotting against him and had him executed. Ptolemy XIII fled with Arsinoe to join the Egyptian army and was later killed and found dead in Alexandria’s harbor. Getting rid of her brother/husband and his advisers secured Cleopatra’s position. She had one remaining brother, Ptolemy XIV, who was only eleven years old at the time, so she married him, too, further solidifying her power. As her ally (and possible lover), Caesar provided her with guards for her safety.
Cleopatra had a son named Caesarion, who was rumored to be Caesar’s son as well. However, Romans feared that Julius Caesar would proclaim Caesarion as his heir. They didn’t want him as the future ruler of Rome, citizens were appalled at the way Arsinoe was paraded through the streets as a war prize, and people generally began to fear that Caesar was becoming too powerful. In 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators. Cleopatra was in Rome when Caesar was killed, and she fled back to Egypt with her son. Around this time, Ptolemy XIV disappeared, and he may have been murdered by Cleopatra. With a son to inherit her throne, Cleopatra no longer needed Ptolemy XIV. However, her Roman protector was now gone, and Cleopatra still had enemies at court. Cleopatra’s remaining sibling, Arsinoe, sided with Caesar’s enemies and plotted against her sister and Caesarion.
Nobody knows exactly what Cleopatra looked like (statues and carvings of her don’t always look alike, and they may have been idealized images of her), but she took care of her appearance as part of her image as queen. Apparently, Cleopatra was more striking than beautiful, and what struck people about her the most was her intelligence and personality. Her charm was one of her most important tools in winning allies, and she used it again to win over a new ally to replace Caesar. She found a new ally in Marcus Antonius (also known as Mark Antony), one of the candidates to replace Caesar in Rome.
Mark Antony needed the control of Egypt and its resources and the support of Cleopatra for his own political purposes. To win his support for her purposes, Cleopatra began a romantic relationship with Mark Antony that eventually became a major part of the legends around Cleopatra. Although Mark Antony already had a wife in Rome, he became devoted to Cleopatra and fathered a set of twins with her and, later, a third child.
When Caesar’s nephew, Octavian, learned that Antony had divorced his wife and was conspiring against him, he declared war on Egypt to take down both Antony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra and Antony’s forces were defeated at the Battle of Actium although the two of the escaped. Feeling that the end was probably near, Cleopatra had stoneworkers hurry to complete her tomb. She began experimenting with poisons, and she and Antony swore to each other that they would die together. When Antony’s soldiers turned against him and refused to fight, Antony was disgraced and forced to flee. He ended up taking his own life by stabbing himself. Cleopatra had retreated into her own mausoleum, planning to die, but Octavian allowed her to remain there as a prisoner while she arranged Antony’s funeral. The exact cause of Cleopatra’s death has never been confirmed, but according to legend, she arranged her own death by the bite of an asp and sent a note to Octavian, asking that she be buried with Antony.
It’s a tragic end to a story that was full of treachery and family rivalries from the very beginning. Octavian refused to allow any of Cleopatra’s children to assume the throne of Egypt, ending the reign of pharaohs forever. Rome took control of Egypt, and Cleopatra’s children were sent to be raised by Antony’s first wife in Rome, Octavia (who was also Octavian’s younger sister). Caesarion tried to flee to Syria, but he was caught and executed by Octavian’s orders. No one knows what happened to Cleopatra’s other two sons because they disappear from historical records after this point, so they may have died young (or were murdered, given how things went in the powerful circles in which they lived). However, Cleopatra’s daughter survived, grew up, and eventually married the King of Mauretania, a region in North Africa. The book mentions that she had a son that she also named Ptolemy, but it doesn’t mention that this Ptolemy was the last king of Mauretania and was assassinated by Caligula. Caligula and Ptolemy were distant relatives of each other because Ptolemy of Mauretania was a grandson of Antony, and Caligula was descended from both Antony and Octavian. In many ways, it seems like this family’s greatest misfortunes were themselves and each other. Fortunately, the death of death of Ptolemy of Mauretania didn’t end the family line. It’s unknown whether or not Cleopatra has living descendants today, but Ptolemy of Mauretania did have a sister (the details of her life are unknown) and a daughter named Drusilla, who apparently grew up, married, and continued the family line. Further down the family tree, relationships and offspring become harder to trace.
Something I particularly liked about this book was the separation between the legends of Cleopatra and the her known history. As with other ancient historical figures, the history and legends go hand-in-hand, and it can become difficult to separate the two. The book is pretty open about which parts of her life are known, what can’t be firmly established, and which parts of her story come to us from legend and may or may not be reality. The final section in the book discusses the known facts and fiction about Cleopatra and possible confusions between her and other Cleopatras in her family (which may be another reason why not all of the images of Cleopatra look alike). It also explains the information about Cleopatra in Plutarch‘s biography of Mark Antony and how his stories inspired Shakespeare’s play and modern movies about Cleopatra.
The book is available to borrow and read for free online through Internet Archive.
101 Wacky Facts About Mummies by Jack C. Harris, 1991.
This is a book of fun facts about mummies, particular ones from Ancient Egypt, but also ones from other parts of the world. Some of the facts and trivia have to do with the way mummies are made, and others have to do with the discoveries of mummies in modern times.
Here’s just a sampling of the kinds of facts the book offers about mummies in each section:
Will the Real Mummy Please Lie Down? – Basically introduces what mummies are and basic methods for making them and mentions that they’re thousands of years old and that many still have fingernails and toenails.
Egyptians: The Mummy-Making Masters – Facts specifically about Egyptian mummies, including the fact that the Ancient Egyptians never wrote a guide to how to make mummies and few sources have been found with any description of the process, so no one knows precisely what combination of preservatives they used.
Wrap Session! – More about how Egyptians made mummies, including how they removed bodily organs and stored them separately from the body, probably throwing away the brain because they thought that the heart was more important, believing it to be where intelligence and memory were stored. Sometimes, mummies were also painted in different colors to indicate if they were male or female – males were painted red, and females were painted yellow. Fingernails and toenails might also be capped with gold.
The First Mummy-Wrappers – This section is about the Egyptians who embalmed mummies. It was a profession that was generally passed down through families, and they lived in a special area of their city because other people didn’t want to live near people who handled dead bodies for a living. However, the embalmers often had servants or slaves who would be made to do the worst parts of the embalming.
Tomb It Make Concern – This section is about the construction of pyramids and tombs. Because they took years to construct, pharaohs would start the construction of their own tombs immediately on taking the throne.
Farewell, Mummy Dearest – This section talks about funerals, mourners, and what Egyptians believed about the afterlife.
I Want My Mummy! – This section discusses things later people did because they were fascinated by ancient mummies. Sometimes, poor Egyptians would dig up mummies to sell or create fake mummies to satisfy demand. Sometimes, mummies were used in medicines because people believed that the secrets of their preservation could be used to heal the living or help them maintain their youth. During the 19th century, some people would hold “mummy unwrapping” parties, where they would show off and unwrap a mummy they had purchased.
The Chinchorro Connection – This section is about South American mummies.
Natural Beauties! – There are natural conditions that can preserve human bodies, like the cold in high mountains and the acids in peat bogs.
Better Left Shut: The Tomb of King Tut – King Tut’s tomb is one of the most famous Ancient Egyptian tombs because it was relatively undisturbed when modern people found it.
The Curse of King Tut’s Tomb – A series of strange and unfortunate events that happened around the time of the discovery of King Tut’s tomb led to the rumor that the tomb was cursed.
The book is available to borrow and read for free online through Internet Archive.
The First Book of Tales of Ancient Egypt by Charles Mozley, 1960.
The book begins with a section “About this book” that introduces the stories, but I felt like it could have said a little more. The introductory section points out how amazing it is that these folktales and myths from Ancient Egypt have survived thousands of years to reach us, but there’s a bit more to the story than that. For a long time, people were unable to read texts written in Ancient Egypt because knowledge of ancient writing was lost when Egyptian culture changed and developed new writing systems. Modern people eventually regained the lost knowledge of Ancient Egyptian writing when the Rosetta Stone was discovered because the Rosetta Stone contains the same message written in three different systems of writing – Ancient Greek, Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, and Ancient Egyptian demotic script. Because European scholars knew Ancient Greek at the time the Rosetta Stone was discovered, they were able to use the Ancient Greek portion of the stone to learn how to read the rest of it. It took years of study for them to fully understand not only the message on the stone in all three writing systems but to learn to apply the rules of Ancient Egyptian writing to other messages and carvings and decipher what each of them meant. Even in modern times, scholars are still working on translations of Ancient Egyptian writing and publishing new books of Ancient Egyptian stories that modern people have not read in English. It’s not just that these stories have survived for thousands of years to reach us; it’s also that people worked very hard to learn exactly what did survive for those thousands of years and make it possible for ordinary people to understand it. This book for children would not have been possible without many years of scholarly research.
The pictures in the book are sometimes monochromatic in different colors and sometimes full color.
The book is available to borrow and read for free online through Internet Archive.
The stories in the book are:
The Magic Crocodile – When King Khu-fu is bored and nothing seems to please him, his sons tell him stories to amuse him.
In his first son’s story, in the distant past, during King Nebka’s reign, magic was commonplace, and King Nebka had a young magician named Uba-na-ner at his court. At first, the magician was very happy, but then, the woman he was going to marry ran off with another man. Angry, the young magician made a magical crocodile out of wax and sent it to attack his former fiance’s new husband. After the crocodile killed the new husband, the magician’s former fiance went to the kind and accused the magician of murder. Faced with the king’s questions, the magician confessed what he had done. The magician expressed remorse and turned over the box where he kept the wax crocodile. The king pardoned him because of his remorse but hid the box with the wax crocodile so it couldn’t be used again. That seems to be letting a magical murderer off lightly, and King Khu-fu doesn’t find the story very interesting.
In the second son’s story, there is a powerful wizard named Zaza-man-khu in the reign of King Sene-fe-ru. When Sene-fe-ru is feeling down, he asks Zaza-man-khu for something to cheer him up. Zaza-man-khu suggests a boating trip on the palace lake, rowed by singing maidens. At first, the trip is pleasant, but then, something happens that upsets all of the maidens, and they stop singing and start crying. Soon, everyone is crying so hard that it’s difficult for the king or his wizard to find out what’s wrong. It turns out that one of the maidens lost a precious jewel in the water, and it was some kind of lucky amulet. Now, she’s worried that something bad will happen to her, and all of the other girls are crying in sympathy with her. The king promises that he will give the maiden plenty new jewels if she stops crying, but she says that she needs that particular amulet, and none of the other maidens will start rowing the boat again until they figure out what to do. The king’s wizard is able to retrieve the lost jewel by parting the waters in the lake so he can walk out across the bottom of the lake and find it. King Khu-fu finds the story mildly interesting and says that it would be impressive if there was such a wizard in their time.
King Khu-fu’s eldest son says that he knows of such a wizard, a man named Didi, who is supposed to be 110 years old. Interested at last, King Khu-fu says that he wants to meet Didi. According to stories about Didi, he can restore life to a person or animal after it’s been beheaded, but how far will they make him go to prove it?
Isis and the Secret Name of Ra – This story explains the origins of the goddess Isis. In the beginning, Isis is not a goddess but a clever young woman. Although she is clever and has extensive magical knowledge, it isn’t enough for her. She wants to learn the secret name of the sun god Ra (Ra isn’t the secret name itself) to gain power over the whole world. People call Ra by many different names, but Isis is aware that he has one secret name that no one knows and from which he derives his power. Isis creates a magical snake that bites Ra, and Ra experiences pain for the first time. Isis offers to help heal him from the bite (that she caused), but she says that she needs to know Ra’s secret name. Ra says that if she knows the name, she will also become immortal, and Isis says that she’ll try to bear it (wink, wink). So, Isis becomes immortal and heals Ra from the poisonous snake wound.
After she becomes a goddess, Isis continues living as a mortal woman for awhile, but then she marries King Osiris. Osiris is a great king who teaches his people how to farm, and Isis teaches them healing arts. Their kingdom is great and peaceful, and Osiris and Isis have a son they name Horus. For a long time, no one, not even Osiris, knows that Isis is actually an immortal goddess. However, Isis’s powers allow her to sense evil and deception from Osiris’s jealous brother, Set. Osiris can’t believe that his brother is evil. Then, Set tricks Osiris into getting into a chest and throws him into the river and drowns him.
When Isis realizes what has happened, she realizes that she has the power to restore Osiris to life. At first, Isis is unsuccessful in her attempt to bring Osiris back to life because too much time has gone by since his death, but Thoth, the god of wisdom, has pity on her and Osiris and raises Osiris to serve as king of deserving spirits among the dead.
King Setnau and the Assyrians – King Setnau is a gentle and peaceful king, so even though Egypt has enemies, he does not try to improve Egypt’s army. Although most citizens love King Setnau, his generals don’t. When the King of Assyria decides to invade, seeing Egypt as easy prey, the angry Egyptian army refuses to obey the king and fight for Egypt. In despair, King Setnau prays at the temple and then tells his people about the army’s refusal to obey him. The ordinary citizens decide that they will be the king’s new army themselves. They are untrained and have mostly improvised weapons, and Egypt’s official army doesn’t take them seriously. However, King Setnau is appreciative of their loyalty and prays the he will be a suitable leader to them so they can save their kingdom. In the end, they are successful with a little help from the gods and a swarm of field mice.
The Wonder Child – King Usi-ma-res has a son who is a wise sage, Sat-ni. However, Sat-ni is unhappy because he and his wife have been unable to have a child, and they want one more than anything. Sat-ni’s wife prays for a child, and finally, she gives birth to a son, Se-Osiris. Se-Osiris turns out to be remarkably intelligent and learns very quickly. As he progresses in his studies, he begins learning magic, and by the age of twelve, he is already a master magician.
One day, a man from Ethiopia comes to the pharaoh’s court with a challenge: he has a sealed book and he wants to see Egyptian wizards attempt to read the book without breaking the seal. The pharaoh consults with all of his wizards and magicians about the book challenge, and Sat-ni says that he suspects that the book and its contents are protected by some kind of spell that will prevent the Egyptian wizards from reading it. However, Se-Osiris insists that he can read the book. To demonstrate, he proves to his father that he can read any book from his father’s library even though he has never seen it before while his father holds it sealed in another room. Pleased and amazed with his son’s skill, Sat-ni brings Se-Osiris to court to answer the challenge.
At first, the Ethiopian man sneers at the young boy who claims that he can answer his magical challenge, but the pharaoh says that it’s a sign of how great Egyptian magic is that even a twelve-year-old Egyptian can answer any challenge that Ethiopia could set. In front of everyone, Se-Osiris reads the book without even touching it, telling an ancient story about three Nubian magicians and their boasting of the ways that they would punish the King of Egypt for the amusement of their king and how the King of Egypt gets revenge.
However, the story doesn’t end there. The mysterious Ethiopian turns out to be the spirit of one of the magicians from the story in the book, who was disgraced through the magic of the Egyptian magicians and who has come back to settle the score. Se-Osiris must now face him in a magical duel.
The Thief and the King’s Treasure – King Rhamp-si-ni-tes loves gold and treasure more than anything. He loves it so much, he allows criminals and corrupt official to buy their way out of trouble. The king compromises law and justice in the land, thinking only of getting more gold and jewels. He neglects the state of his kingdom and even his own daughter. Soon, the king also becomes paranoid, constantly afraid that someone might take some of his beautiful treasures. Finally, the king hires an architect to design a safe place to keep his treasure, a vault no thief could enter.
However, the king is a terrible ruler and also a dishonest man. He pays the architect only a fraction of the money he promised him, so the architect clever engineers a secret entrance to the treasure vault so he and his sons can enter any time they want and help themselves to the money that the king owes them and all of his other subjects.
For awhile, it works, but then, the king notices that someone has been taking some of his treasures. He has some metal workers build a terrible mantrap that traps one of the architects sons. When it becomes clear that he is hopelessly trapped and their whole family may suffer the king’s wrath once he realizes who has been stealing from him and how it was done, the trapped son tells his brother there is only one, terrible solution – his brother must cut off his head. The trapped brother will die anyway because the king will have him killed, but if his brother removes his head, no one will be able to identify him, and the rest of their family will be safe. Reluctantly, his brother does as he asks.
However, the fact that the head was removed from the body tells the king that the dead thief must have had a confederate. He has his guards display the body of the thief publicly on a hill and watch for anyone who shows grief at seeing it. The dead man’s mother quietly grieves at the loss of her son, and when she says that she wants to see her son properly buried, his brother figures out a clever way to retrieve the body.
The king is enraged, but his neglected daughter decides that she also wants to find the thief, seeing it as her chance to secure her future in spite of her father’s neglect. She promises her father that she can find the thief but only if he promises her that she can have whatever she wants afterward. The king promises, not realizing that the one thing that the princess wants is to marry the thief.
Blossom Culp and the Sleep of Death by Richard Peck, 1986.
This book starts shortly after the previous book in the series ends. After Blossom’s old history teacher was run out of town for his scandalous behavior, he was replaced by Miss Fairweather. Miss Fairweather is a tough, no-nonsense woman who pushes her students to study hard and take history seriously. Unexpectedly, she comes to appreciate Blossom, an outcast from a poor family, because Blossom demonstrates some knowledge of Ancient Egypt. Little does Miss Fairweather know that Blossom’s comments in class were inspired by one of the visions that Blossom occasionally gets because of her psychic gifts.
Blossom experiences a visitation from the spirit of an Ancient Egyptian princess who says that she needs Blossom’s help. Years ago, her mummy and some precious objects were stolen from her tomb. The princess doesn’t seem to know exactly where her “earthly form” is now, but she’s sure that it’s somewhere nearby. She’s very concerned because she senses that archaeologists in Egypt are digging to find her tomb and knows that when they finally reach it, they will discover that she isn’t there. Rather than being concerned about her tomb being violated by the archaeologists, the princess senses that they are searching for her remains in order to venerate them, that if they find her mummy, they will take it to a place of great beauty where it will be treated with the utmost care and respect (a museum). She wants that and fears that she will miss her chance at the kind of immortality that this form of glorification, care, and study will provide. So, she asks Blossom to find her earthly remains and inform the searchers of her true whereabouts. At first, Blossom has no idea how she can accomplish that, but the princess threatens her with a true Egyptian curse if she doesn’t try.
Then, Blossom receives a clue to the mystery in the form of a beautiful Egyptian scarab that her mother found one day while she was out scavenging. If Blossom can find the place where her mother found the jewel, she can also find the princess’s mummy. Fortunately, Miss Fairweather has assigned the class special projects about Ancient Egypt, and she is thrilled when Blossom says that she wants to study grave robbers. Blossom sees this as a good way to collect some extra information about grave robbers that she can use to find the princess’s mummy as well as get a good grade in Miss Fairweather’s class. It also proves to be an excellent way to draw Alexander Armsworth into her search for the mummy.
Alexander still denies to Blossom that he has real psychic abilities like hers, even after their previous adventures together. He insists that it was just a phase that they were going through, one that he wants to leave behind. He’s been busy flirting with Letty, the class snob, and he’s trying hard to get into a prestigious fraternity so that he can give Letty his fraternity pin. Not only does Blossom think that the boys in the fraternity are a bunch of idiots who do stupid things, but the idea of Alexander giving Letty his pin as a sign of their relationship is just sickening.
Blossom is reluctant to admit her real feelings for Alexander, but the two of them are close in ways that Letty and Alexander never will be because of their shared abilities and adventures, and Blossom has a sense that their futures will be intertwined as well. Alexander is angry that Blossom is roping her into yet another supernatural escapade, but he has to go along with her project idea because he has already gotten on Miss Fairweather’s bad side and needs to do well on the project to save his grade in class.
Along with the supernatural adventure, there is also a look into the past, the world of 1910s America as well as Ancient Egypt. First, there are the traditions of stunts associated with Alexander’s initiation into his fraternity and the tradition of giving a girl a fraternity pin as a precursor to engagement (“engaged to be engaged”). Then, they discover that Miss Fairweather is a suffragette, which is the reason why she left her previous teaching job. Her feminist ideals cause problems for her in her new, small town when they become known, but with Blossom’s help, she wins over some of the influential women in town as well as a male admirer.
The book is currently available online through Internet Archive.
Blossom Culp and the Sleep of Death by Richard Peck, 1986.
Jestress's Forgotten Books and Stories 
